Alpine Environment and Natural Hazards ¶

We analyze the impacts of climate change and extreme events on physical and ecological processes and process chains in mountain regions and the associated natural hazards and emerging risks. Our research enables a better understanding of the changing processes, the identification of complex system interactions and thus the early detection and assessment of the most important impacts on the environment and society. The specific thematic focus and core competencies required are formed by the five research groups Permafrost, RAMMS Rapid Mass Movements, Mountain Ecosystems, Alpine Remoste Sensing, and Alpine Mass Movements. Inter- and transdisciplinary research with other research units of WSL, national and international research institutions and practice is essential for us.

To achieve our goals, we use a wide range of methods and approaches. These include state-of-the-art sensors (e.g. LiDAR, thermal and multispectral), processing technologies as well as the development of prototypes and specially tailored techniques (e.g. for the analysis of data from satellites, drones and ground-based systems). Long-term monitoring systems (permafrost and biodiversity), and small- to large-scale field experiments (e.g. rockfall in combination with protective forest) form the basis for development of our numerical models developed for science and practice (e.g. RAMMS). To generate plausible scenarios for the future development of the alpine environment, we link our models with climate and extreme weather scenarios from numerical climate and weather models.

Our research unit Alpine Environment and Natural Hazards was formed in July 2021 as part of the establishment of CERC (Climate Change, Extremes and Natural Hazards in Alpine Regions Research Centre) and covers four of CERC's six thematic areas.

To plan avalanche protection measures and assess their effectiveness, snow depth distribution in high alpine terrain is mapped using drones and aircraft. In collaboration with cantonal and local authorities, we have developed a method that derives the snow depth distribution from the difference between snow-covered and snow-free digital elevation models.

Recent natural disasters such as Pizzo Cengalo (Grisons, Switzerland) or Chamoli (India) have shown how dangerous the transition of rock and ice avalanches into secondary processes such as debris flows can be. We developed a model that considers ice melt, the transition from solid to liquid, and the entrainment of highly saturated rock fall deposits. The model has wide national and international applications, for example in cooperation with SDC, UNDP or UNESCO.

Building on our experience with long-term monitoring of changes in plant species in mountain regions, we have expanded this to include more integrative ecosystem research, focusing on animal biodiversity, below- and above-ground interactions, and elevational gradients across tree boundaries. In addition, activities with regional authorities (e.g. investigating 100 years of flora change in Graubünden) have been strengthened.

We maintain a long-term observation network for permafrost in the Swiss Alps as part of the Swiss Permafrost Monitoring Network (PERMOS) and the Global Terrestrial Network for Permafrost (GTN-P). Permafrost characteristics, including ground temperature and rock glacier velocity, are among the Essential Climate Variables (ECV) as defined by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).